Tóm tắt môn học Văn hóa Anh – COUNTRY AND PEOPLE 1922: Ireland đ c l p nên ko thu c V ng quốốc – Studocu

COUNTRY AND PEOPLE

  • + In terrms of Geography: 2 large islands: Great Britain (largest) and Ireland (and hundred of small islans) –> The British Isles
  • +In terms of Political: 2 states:
  • The Republic of Ireland (Eire) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (The United Kingdom)

    In everyday speech: the UK In internet and email addresses: .uk In other contexts: Great Britain Sometimes they say GB in international bank drafts

    In writing and speaking that is not especially formal or informal: Britain

    The normal everyday adjective: British

  • + Great britain chỉ dùng tại thế vận hội (Olympic Games)
  • Lays off the north-west coast of Europe

    Consists of a red dragon passant on a green and white field

    History: It was used by Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, after which it was carried in state to St Paul’s Cathedral. The red dragon was then included as a supporter of the Tudor royal arms to signify their Welsh descent. It was officially recognized as the Welsh

    i l fl in 1959

    1922: Ireland độc lập nên ko thuộc Vương quốốc Anh(separate state)

    The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy (quân chủ lập hiến)

    A monarch (king/queen) as Head of State

    The monarch has very little power and can only reign with the support of Parliament

    In reality, everything is done on the advice of the elected Government and the monarch takes no part in the decision-making process

    Consttutonal monarchy: chêố độ quân chủ lập hiêốn: vua và quốốc hội

    Quân chủ chuyên chêố: chỉ có vua

    Is it correct when people call Britian “England”?

  • – England is one of the four nations
  • – Their political unification was completed in 1800 when the Irish parliament was joined with the parliament for England, Scotland and Wales in Westminster single state
  • The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

    The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

    Many aspects of government are organized separately (sometimes differently) in the four part of the United Kingdom

    Welsh, Scottish and Irish people feel their identity very strongly –> that is why they have separate teams in many kinds of international sport

    England/English

    Wales/Welsh

    Scotland/Scottish

    Ireland/Irish

    Surname

    Smith or Brown (The Smiths)

    Evans Jones Morgan Price Williams

    Mac (Mc) Smith or Brown (The Smiths)

    Mac (Mc) O (O’Brien)

    First name for men (given name)

    John

    Ian

    Sean

    Nickname (men)

    Dai/Taffy

    Jock

    Paddy/Mick

    Kilt (skirt) is worn by men. It is the symbol of Scottishness

    Pattern: checked Material: wool Color: colorful They have the same passport for the whole Britain regardless of where in Britain they live

    Nationality: British

    The tokens of the four nations

    England

    Wales

    Scotland

    Ireland

    Flag

    St.Geogre’s Cross

    Dragon of Cadawallader

    St.Andrew’s Cross

    Lion rampant

    St.Patrick’s Cross

    Republic of Ireland

    Plant

    Rose

    Leek/daffodil

    Thistle

    Shamrock

    Color

    Patron Saint

    St.Geogre

    St.David

    St.Andrew

    St.Patrick

    Saint’s day

    23 April

    1 March

    30 November

    17 March

    Characteristics: The Irish are supposed to be great talkers (good at cloquence)

    The Scots have a reputation for being careful with money (stingy, mean) The Welsh are renowned for their singing ability (good at singing)

    woodwind instrument reeds Bagpipes are a using enclosed fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag

    The harp is a stringed musical instrument which has a number of individual strings running at an angle to its soundboard, which are plucked with the fingers

    Supplement: phụ san Norm: chuẩn mực There is a tendency

    The Dominance of England:

    Culture: Britain culture is specifically English Public life: Finance: the supply of money in Britain is controlled by the Bank of England

    The name of the queen: Elizabeth II. She covers all over 4 countries The Anglo-American relation (British-American relations) The name of publications and organizations

    https://bit.ly/3c6kS2d >> More info:

    GEOGRAPHY

    Climate

    Definition: Weather reflects short-term conditions of the atmosphere

    Climate is the average daily weather for an extended period of time at a certain location

    Overview (generalization of the physical geography): a notable lack of extreme

    Geographical elements:

    Mountains: None of them are very high Flat land: You cannot travel far without encountering hills Rivers: Not big Volcanoes: Sleeping, not active Earth tremor: No more than rattle teacup Rainfall: London gets no more rain in a year than other major European cities and less than some

    –> Moderate

    Weather: Britain doesn’t have a climate, it only has weather. Why?

    The weather change all the time. You are not sure of a dry day. There can be cool (even cold) days in July and some quite warm days in January.

    –> Changeability

    Temperature: Lack of extremes

    Land and Settlement

    What it lacks in grandeur it makes up for in variety. The scenery changes noticeably over quite short distances. It has often been remarked that a journey of 100 miles (160kilometres) can, as a result, seem twice as far. (Thiếu tính hùng vĩ bao nhiêu thì được bù đắp tính đa dạng bấy nhiêu)

    Notable: remarkable Đất nước về mặt địa lí thiếu tính thái quá Average hiểu là typical (điển hình)

    Human influence has been extensive

  • – Most of the forests have disappeared
  • – The fields in southern England are enclosed with hedgerows
  • Much of the land is used for human habitation

  • – Because of their habitual concern for privacy and love of the countryside
  • – English & Welsh people don’t like living in blocks of flats in city centers
  • —-> Cities in England and Wales have been built outwards rather than upwards (xây theo chiều rộng hơn chiều cao)

    Ex: The London area has about three times the population of the Athena but it occupies about ten times the amount of land

    Variety in scenery

    Tk20, một trong những nước cnh hàng đầu, giờ đã cải thiện Economy Geography, tiếp giáp Two major cities

    The environment and pollution

    In the past, do Britain have such pollution? In the past, they did, but now it improves a lot

    Britain is one of the industrialized nations in the world

    Machine replace people. A lot of factories are set up. When machinery was in operation, it released a lot of smoke.

    Its cities were the first to suffer this atmospheric condition –> heavily polluted –> caused 4000 – 8000 deaths in 1952

    The River Thames was polluted because fish could not live there in the 20th century

    People who fell into the Thames were rushed to hospital to have their stomach pumped

    Because Britain is an industrialized country, a lot of factories and plants were built in the past –> a lot of noise

    Now: there is less noise

    Southern England

    The commuter land:

    Outer suburbs of London The most densely populated area

    Millions of its inhabitants travel into London to work everyday

    County of Kent: It is the “garden of England” because it supplies fruit and vegetables

    The Downs: A series of hills are used for sheep farming

    The West Country: The regionhas an attractive image of rural beauty in British people’s mind. Some parts of the West Country

    The Midlands of England

    Britain’s second largest city, “Black country”

    Industrial areas in the Midlands:

    Notably the towns known as The Potteries (famous for producing china) and several towns further east such as Derby,Leicester, and Nottingham.

    On the east coast, Grimsby, once one of the world’s greatest fishing ports, has become the country’s major fish processing

    Tourisms: Shakespeare’s country (centred on Stratford-upon-Avon,

    The prototype of noisy, dirty factories that symbolized the industrial revolution is found in the once-industrial north of England

    Scotland

    Economy: Tourism, sheep farming Whisky production

    Geography: The southern uplands: just north of the border with England

    The central plains: further north The highlands: mountain, deep valleys, numerous small island off the west coast

    Two major cities: Glassgow and Edinburgh

    Glassgow is associated with heavy industry and some of the worst housing conditions in Britain

    Glassgow has a strong artistic heritage European city of culture

    Immigrants from England —> an echo of the same divisons in the community that exist in Northern Ireland

    Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland

    It is associated with scholarships, the law and administration

    Called the Athens of the north

    Wales (to the West)

    The industrial revolution in the north of England

    Locate the prototype coal mine in south Wales

    It is the only part of Britain with a high proportion of industrial villages

    Northern Ireland

    Capital: Belfast

    Famous for linen and shipbuilding

    Economy: Agriculture

    Fact about London

    The formation

    The City of London

    The City of Westminster

    London

    London is made up of 2 ancient cities which are now joined together. They are:

    – The City of London, known simply as “ the City”, which is the business and financial heart of the United Kingdom. It is also known as the “Square Mile” (2.59 sq km/1 sq mi). It was the original Roman settlement (ancient Londinium), making it the oldest part of London and already 1,000 years old when the Tower of London was built.

    – The City of Westminster, where Parliament and most of the government offices are located. Also Buckingham Palace, the official London residence of the Queen and the Royal family is

    London is the biggest city in Britain and in Europe

    London occupies over 620 square miles

    London has a population of about 8,172,036 (2011), 8,78 mil (2018)

    About 12% of Britain’s overall population live in London

    London has the highest population density in Britain, with 4,699 people per square kilometer

    London is in the southeast of England

    London is the seat of central government in Britain

    Some of the most important people from countries all over the world visit the Queen at Buckingham Palace

    The tallest building in London is the Canary Wharf Tower

    London was the first city in the world to have an underground railway, known as the ‘Tube’

    The London Eye is a giant Ferris Wheel on the South Bank of the River Thames in London. It is Europe’s tallest Ferris wheel, is the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom with over 3.75 million visitors annually, and has made many appearances in popular centers

    Features

    The contrast

    Two other well-known areas of London are the West End and the East End.

    West End: known for its manytheatres, cinemas and expensive shops.

    East End: known as the poorer

    A multicultural society

    Tourism

    M

    More than 300 languages are spoken there; its restaurants offer cuisine from more then 70 different countries. In fact, nearly a third of

    In late 2007, London was voted the most popular city in the world in an on-line poll of international tourists. It is also the most frequent choice for Chinese companies expanding into

    ATTITUDES

    It is best to be cautious about accepting such characterizations too easily.

    Viewpoint, ideas, thinking about so/st

    The attitudes of British people = the ideas of British people towards everyday life

    Stereotypes and change

    A land of traditions

    Red buses: In the early 1990s, red buses were privatized. The different companies want to paint their buses in their own colors. –> many against change and the government ruled that all buses had to stay red, both because this is what the people of London wanted and also because it believed this would be better for the tourist trade.

    Political coutinuity:

    The military ceremony of “trooping the color”

    The annual ceremony of the state of Parliament The changing of the guard outside the Buckingham Palace

    Attendant ceremony
    Queuing

    British people do form queue when waiting for something, but doesn’t mean they enjoy it

    Habit of queuing shows that British people are patient

    A land of change

    Fewer local parades or processions with genuine folk roots than most other countries

    Fewer sayings proverbs in common everyday use

    Wearing a bowler hat: not anymore

    Food and drink:

    Past: Breakfast with large fry-up (cereal, milk, toast, butter, marmalade, all washed down with tea) 6 meals a day: breakfast, brunch, lunch, tea break + biscuit, dinner, supper

    Now: Just cereal, tea and toast, even less

    3 meals a day

    English vs British

    They are not identical, sometimes it is hard to know whether one is describing the British as a whole or just the English

    Among many people in Britain, there exist in a suspicion of education and ‘high culture’

    Ex: teachers and academic staffs, although respected, do not have as high a status as they do in most other countries

    Both upper and working class in Britain were not interested in their children getting to university, it is still unusual to arrange extra private tuition for their children, even if they can easily afford it

    Anti-intellectual attitudes can be found in all four nations, but better seen as a specifically English characteristic, not a British one

    A multiculture society

    – A large scale immigration to Britain – diverge from traditional British attitudes

    Ex: Areas of London in which a distinctively Indian way of life predominates with Indian shops, Indian clothes and Indian language

    British characteristics in general and they made contribution to

    British life and attitudes

    Conservatism

  • – Monarchy, political system
  • – Symbols of tradition
  • + Traditional family value: man and woman get married legally; parents as the main source of authority for children
  • + Work longer hour than 50 years before
  • + Christmas cards (century old pictures)
  • + They like their pub to look old: housing: live in old house, outwards than upwards
  • – British currency
  • Being different

    They are rather proud to be different

  • – Left-handed side driving
  • – Central European Time: Britain refused to follow
  • – Financial year: at the beginning of April
  • – Measurement system: non-metric system (pounds, onces, foot, miles, yards,…)
  • – Currency
  • – Temperature: Fahrenheit
  • – Restricted 24-hour clock
  • Love of nature

    Countryside means: peace and quiet, beauty, health and no crime Countryside represent stability

    Continental side: battled to get the line built through their town because it would be good for the business English side: battled to get the line built somewhere else, never mind business

    Gardening is one of the most popular hobbies Gardening programmes are very popular Each local authority owns several areas of land which it rents very cheaply

    Love of animals

    Rossendale Memorial Garden in Landscape is one of more than hundred animal cemertries in Britain

    Half of the household in Britain keep at least one domestic pet

    The status of pets is taken seriously

    Wildlife programmes are by far the most popular kind of documentary Millions of family have ‘bird tables’ in their garden

    There is a special teaching hospital which treats injured wild animals

    Public-spiritedness and amateurism

    “Professionalism” has turned from having negative connotation to having a positive one Some new areas of amateur participation in public life have develop Giving direct help to those in need This voluntary activity is a basic part of British life

    Formality and informality

    British are supposed to be formal, it is not true

    Tourist view: Britain involves lots of formal ceremonies

    Formality

  • – It depends on whether a person is playing a public role or private role
  • When ‘on duty’: obey some quite rigid rules (Ex: employer wear suit and tie) ‘Off duty’: being themselves (Ex: employer tie round his waist, collar unbuttoned)

  • – Use titles, say ‘please’, ‘thank you’
  • British people, especially the English, have a reputation for being reserved in their dealings with other people, for being polite

    This traditional habit is breaking down, not disappear completely Ex: more people kiss when meeting a friend

    ‘stiff upper lip’ is emotional tenor of the British to the death of princess Diana in 1997

    Informality

  • – Off duty/at home/on holiday
  • Not addressing someone by title

    Not dressing smartly when entertaining guests Not shaking hand when meeting

    Not saying ‘please’ when making a request

  • –> If British do this, they are implying that you are in the category ‘friend’
  • – The language and behavior In business, if the female partners show their hands, the male partners are allowed to shake hands If not, male do not shake hands
  • – Being friendly = being informal
  • – On being invited to somebody’s house:
  • The host wears formally and a grand table set will make the guest feel uncomfortable

    Buffet-type meal: common of hospitality, showing that the

    guest is accepted like ‘one of the family’

    Privacy and sex

    Privacy

    They respect a lot

    Housing: build their house: outward, hedges, front yard, back yard, garage

    Avoid asking ‘personal’ questions

    Not need puritanical standards of behaviour as long as it is not mixed up with national security, breaking the law and abuse of position

    Sex

    On the way of being ‘open-minded’

    References to sex are explicit

    Almost half of children who phone a child support line seek the most basic advice about sex and pregnancy, Only 1 in 3 children feel able to talk about sex to parents

    Sex education in schools remains only partial

    It is not illegal to be prostitute in Britain, but it is illegal to publicly behave like one.

    Red-light streets: are the areas prostitutes are permitted to work

    Holidays and special occasions

    Features (generalization of holidays)

    Britain is a country governed by routine

    Fewer holidays than most other countries in Europe.

    New Year’s Day was not an official public holiday (except Scotland) until 1974

    Almost no semi-official holidays either

    Most official holidays occur before or just after a weekend –> ‘bridge’ between holiday and weekend is almost unknown

    There are no extra holidays in particular localities

    Not all public holiday (also known as ‘bank holiday’) are connected with religious celebrations

    The origin is from the word ‘Holy day’

    The British seem to do comparatively badly with regard to annual holidays.

    The average employee gets about 4 weeks’ paid holiday a year, in no town or city would a visitor ever get the impression that the place had ‘shut down’ for the summer break.

    The traditional seaside holidays

    The social class:

    The upper class started the fashion for seaside holidays in 18th century

    – Accommodation

    Middle class

    Working class

    Hotels, resorts for rich people

    BnB (Bed and Breakfast)

    Boarding houses for average income/low income people

    Full boarding house (bed + 3 meals)

    – The activities

  • + Daytime

    Adults: sit in deck chair, go for a paddle with their skirts or trouser-legs hitched up. They do not bother to go swimming. Some adults who swim can change into swimming costumes in beach huts/bathing huts/beach cabins

    Children: Go for donkey rides, make sandcastles, buy ice-cream, swim in the sea

  • + Nighttime: people situated on the pier
  • Holiday camp

    Visitors stay in chalets in self-contained villages with all food and entertainment organized for them.

    Event: “knobbly knee”

    Modern holidays

    Caravan holidays:

    A caravan is a vehicle without engine that can be pulled by a car or van. It contains beds and cooking equipment so that people can live or spend their holidays in it

    Package holidays:

    Flights and accommodation are booked and paid for through a travel agent

    Spain is the most popular destination for this kind of holiday (many British own villas there and flights are cheap)

    Others:

    Hiking in the country and sleeping at youth hostels

    ‘Activity’ holidays

    ‘Working’ holiday: It doesn’t mean people go to work. They help to repair an ancient stone wall, take part in an archaeological dig, pick up fruits

    Christmas

    – At family level, family reunion

  • – The ‘commercialization’ of Christmas (selling & buying, trading)

    Normally: 24th December: Christmas Eve

    th 25 December: Christmas Day th 26 December: Boxing Day

  • – Christmas decorations

    Christmas trees Christmas cards Holly and mistletoe plants Christmas lights A ‘crib’

  • – Christmas activities: 6 typical activities
  • The singing of Carols Going to church Gifts given by Santa Claus or Christmas father X’mas dinner/eating

    New year

    Time for friends

    People eat and drink a lot of alcohol

    In Scotland only, 2nd January is also a public holiday

    Traditional celebrations at Trafalgar Square

    Singing the song ‘Auld Lang Syne’ (Time’s gone by)

    ‘First footing’

    Other notable annual occasions

  • – Easter: is a Christian holiday which celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Christ
  • Churches are often decorated with flowers. A significant theme for Easter is rebirth, which flowers can emulate and symbolize

    Traditional Easter flowers – Easter Lilies

    Believed to have grown in the Garden of Gethsemane, the site of Jesus’s arrest

    Other Easter flowers – pussy willows, daffodils, narcissuses, and red tulips, which symbolize Jesus’s shed blood

  • – Guy Fawkes Day
  • The failure of gunpowder plot was celebrated as a victory for British Protestantism over rebel Catholicism